Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
The second-order logic without these restrictions is sometimes called full second-order logic to distinguish it from the monadic version. Monadic second-order logic is particularly used in the context of Courcelle's theorem, an algorithmic meta-theorem in graph theory. The MSO theory of the complete infinite binary tree is decidable.
Second-order cybernetics took shape during the late 1960s and mid 1970s. The 1967 keynote address to the inaugural meeting of the American Society for Cybernetics (ASC) by Margaret Mead, who had been a participant at the Macy Conferences, is a defining moment in its development.
Second-order arithmetic, an axiomatization allowing quantification of sets of numbers; Second-order differential equation, a differential equation in which the highest derivative is the second; Second-order logic, an extension of predicate logic; Second-order perturbation, in perturbation theory
In the original, logical sense, a differentia is a concept — the notion of "differentia" is a second-order concept, or a "second intention", in the scholastic nomenclature. In the scholastic theory it is a kind of essential predicate — a predicate that belongs to its subjects de re necessarily.
The idea of second order predication was introduced by the German mathematician and philosopher Frege. It is based on his idea that a predicate such as "is a philosopher" designates a concept, rather than an object. [2] Sometimes a concept can itself be the subject of a proposition, such as in "There are no Bosnian philosophers".
In contrast, historical significance is an example of a subject specific secondary key concept or "second-order knowledge" also known as a meta-concept, [2] or disciplinary concept, [3] which is typically used to help organize knowledge within a subject area, frame suitable areas of inquiry, provide the framework upon which substantive ...
A second-order propositional logic is a propositional logic extended with quantification over propositions. A special case are the logics that allow second-order Boolean propositions , where quantifiers may range either just over the Boolean truth values , or over the Boolean-valued truth functions .
A subsystem of second-order arithmetic is a theory in the language of second-order arithmetic each axiom of which is a theorem of full second-order arithmetic (Z 2). Such subsystems are essential to reverse mathematics , a research program investigating how much of classical mathematics can be derived in certain weak subsystems of varying strength.