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A crash test illustrates how a crumple zone absorbs energy from an impact. Road Maintenance Truck Impact Attenuator, Auckland, New Zealand Extent of the crumple zones (blue) and the driver's safety cell (red) of an E217 series train The crumple zone on the front of these cars absorbed the impact of an offset head-on collision.
A traffic collision in Japan, 2007 The aftermath of an accident involving a jackknifing truck, Mozambique, Africa. A traffic collision, also known as a motor vehicle collision, or car crash, occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other moving or stationary obstruction, such as a tree, pole or building.
The magnitude of the velocity difference just before impact is called the closing speed. All collisions conserve momentum . What distinguishes different types of collisions is whether they also conserve kinetic energy of the system before and after the collision.
Only 28 countries, representing 449 million people (seven percent of the world's population), have laws that address the five risk factors of speed, drunk driving, helmets, seat-belts and child restraints. [citation needed] Over a third of road traffic deaths in low- and middle-income countries are among pedestrians and cyclists.
These are some common crash types, based on the total number that occurred in the US in 2005, the percentage of total crashes, and the percentage of fatal crashes: [13] Rear impacts (1,824,000 crashes, 29.6% of all US crashes, 5.4% of US fatal crashes) Angle or side impacts (1,779,000 crashes, 28.9% of all US crashes, 20.7% of US fatal crashes)
The terms "active" and "passive" are simple but important terms in the world of automotive safety. "Active safety" is used to refer to technology assisting in the prevention of a crash and "passive safety" to components of the vehicle (primarily airbags, seatbelts and the physical structure of the vehicle) that help to protect occupants during a crash.
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The Austrian philosopher Ivan Illich, a critic of the modern society habits, was one of the first thinkers to establish the so-called consumer speed concept. He defined the term in his 1974 book Energy and Equity [ 67 ] as the distance that an average person commutes each year, divided by the amount of time dedicated to commuting and related ...