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Liverpool: a show jumping obstacle that takes the form of an oxer or vertical jump with a small pool of water underneath (although some liverpools may be "dry" and just consist of a blue or black tarp). These fences tend to make the horse look down, so the horse does not focus on the actual rails it must jump and may hit the fence.
In cross country, penalty points are awarded for jumping errors and for time. [7] In the jumping, 20 penalty points are awarded for a first refusal at an obstacle and 40 penalty points for a second refusal (the rider is eliminated on their third refusal). Two refusals at different obstacles each attract 20 penalty points.
A show jumping course Show jump course Diagram of a show jumping course. Jumper classes are held over a course of show jumping obstacles, including verticals, spreads, and double and triple combinations, usually with many turns and changes of direction. The intent is to jump cleanly over a set course within an allotted time.
Riding: Athletes attempt a show jumping course comprising 12 obstacles. Athletes do not bring a horse to the event; they are assigned an unfamiliar horse and have 20 minutes to practice with the animal. Completing the course scores 300 points, with points deducted for penalties and for taking longer than a set time limit for the course.
In show jumping and the stadium phase of eventing, a refusal is worth four penalty points. In the cross-country phase of eventing, a refusal counts as 20 penalty points. [1] Refusals also have the potential to unseat the rider, which may result in rider injury. Refusals also present the possibility that the horse may crash into the obstacle.
A horse and rider jumping an obstacle. Jumping plays a major role in many equestrian sports, such as show jumping, fox hunting, steeplechasing, and eventing.The biomechanics of jumping, the influence of the rider, and the heritability of jumping prowess have all been the focus of research.
Jumping a fence in a direction which is not flagged: elimination; Omission of a jump or compulsory passage: elimination; Note: the only time a competitor may jump an obstacle twice in a row is if a refusal occurs at a second element (B) and the rider can not approach "B" without re-jumping "A" (a bounce, for example)
The action of jumping is central to several sports and activities. Some sports are based almost exclusively on the ability to jump, such as high jump in track and field, whereas in other sports the act of jumping is one of multiple athletic abilities used in the sport, such as basketball .