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Irene of Athens (Greek: Εἰρήνη, Eirḗnē; 750/756 – 9 August 803), surname Sarantapechaena (Greek: Σαρανταπήχαινα, Sarantapḗchaina), [a] was Byzantine empress consort to Emperor Leo IV from 775 to 780, regent during the childhood of their son Constantine VI from 780 until 790, co-ruler from 792 until 797, and finally empress regnant and sole ruler of the Eastern Roman ...
The Council, or rather the final defeat of iconoclasm in 843, is celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite as "The Sunday of the Triumph of Orthodoxy" each year on the first Sunday of Great Lent, the fast that leads up to Pascha (Easter), and again on the Sunday closest to 11 October (the Sunday ...
Byzantine Iconoclasm, Chludov Psalter, 9th century. [10]Christian worship by the sixth century had developed a clear belief in the intercession of saints. This belief was also influenced by a concept of hierarchy of sanctity, with the Trinity at its pinnacle, followed by the Virgin Mary, referred to in Greek as the Theotokos ("birth-giver of God") or Meter Theou ("Mother of God"), the saints ...
Constantine Sarantapechos, Irene's relative –usually suggested brother-in-law or uncle– was a patrician and maybe a strategos (military commander) of the Byzantine theme of Hellas. Constantine's son and therefore Irene's nephew or cousin, Theophylact ( Θεοφύλακτος ), was a spatharios and is mentioned as having been involved in ...
Irene made determined efforts to stamp out iconoclasm everywhere in the Empire including within the ranks of the army. [81] During Irene's reign, the Arabs were continuing to raid into and despoil the small farms of the Anatolian section of the Empire. The small farmers of Anatolia owed a military obligation to the Byzantine throne.
In the Bronze Age, the most significant episode of iconoclasm occurred in Egypt during the Amarna Period, when Akhenaten, based in his new capital of Akhetaten, instituted a significant shift in Egyptian artistic styles alongside a campaign of intolerance towards the traditional gods and a new emphasis on a state monolatristic tradition focused on the god Aten, the Sun disk—many temples and ...
Gold solidus depicting Empress Irene (left) on the obverse, and her son Constantine VI (right) on the reverse. In 797, the young emperor Constantine VI was arrested, deposed and blinded by his mother and former regent, Irene of Athens.
The reaction to Byzantine Iconoclasm and the fall of the Isaurian dynasty lead to the ascension of Irene of Athens, and in turn to the coronation of the Frankish king Charlemagne as emperor in Christmas 800 in Rome by the Pope. Norwich chooses this event, which marks the end of the Byzantines' sole claim to imperial status and the unquestioned ...