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  2. Unity of opposites - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_of_opposites

    The unity of opposites is the philosophical idea that opposites are interconnected due to the way each is defined in relation to the other. Their interdependence unites the seemingly opposed terms. Their interdependence unites the seemingly opposed terms.

  3. Existential nihilism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_nihilism

    Existential nihilism is the philosophical theory that life has no objective meaning or purpose. [1] The inherent meaninglessness of life is largely explored in the philosophical school of existentialism, where one can potentially create their own subjective "meaning" or "purpose".

  4. Binary opposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_opposition

    In structuralism, a binary opposition is seen as a fundamental organizer of human philosophy, culture, and language. Binary opposition originated in Saussurean structuralist theory. [ 3 ] According to Ferdinand de Saussure , the binary opposition is the means by which the units of language have value or meaning; each unit is defined in ...

  5. List of philosophical concepts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_concepts

    A priori and a posteriori; A series and B series; Abductive reasoning; Ability; Absolute; Absolute time and space; Abstract and concrete; Adiaphora; Aesthetic emotions

  6. Last man - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_man

    Nietzsche warned that the society of the last man could be too barren and decadent to support the growth of healthy human life or great individuals. The last man is only possible by mankind having bred an apathetic person or society who loses the ability to dream, to strive, and who become unwilling to take risks, instead simply earning their ...

  7. On Contradiction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Contradiction

    One is that contradiction exists in the process of development of all things, and the other is that in the process of development of each thing a movement of opposites exists from beginning to end. Contradiction is the basis of life and drives it forward. No one phenomenon can exist without its contradictory opposite, such as victory and defeat ...

  8. Glossary of Stoicism terms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Stoicism_terms

    Opposite of hormê. apoproêgmena ἀποπροηγμένα: dispreferred things. Morally indifferent but naturally undesirable things, such as illness. Opposite of proêgmena. aretê ἀρετή: Virtue. Goodness and human excellence. askêsis ἄσκησις: disciplined training designed to achieve virtue. ataraxia

  9. Meontology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meontology

    In philosophy, meontology (from Ancient Greek μή, me "non" and ὄν, on "being" (see ontology)) is the concept of non-being, an attempt to cover what may remain outside of ontology. French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy distinguishes it as nothingness , as opposed to nothing .