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Reinforcement's ubiquity is unknown, [4] but the patterns of reproductive character displacement are found across numerous taxa and is considered to be a common occurrence in nature. [18] Studies of reinforcement in nature often prove difficult, as alternative explanations for the detected patterns can be asserted.
Here, the evolution of female egg receptors is thought to pressure bindin evolution in a selective runaway process. [25] This example of reproductive character displacement is highly suggestive of being the result of—and has been cited as strong evidence for—reinforcement. [25] [3]: 343–344
Evolution can be extremely rapid, as shown in the creation of domesticated animals and plants in a very short geological space of time, spanning only a few tens of thousands of years. Maize ( Zea mays ), for instance, was created in Mexico in only a few thousand years, starting about 7,000 to 12,000 years ago. [ 88 ]
Differential reinforcement of low response rate (DRL) – Used to encourage low rates of responding. It is like an interval schedule, except that premature responses reset the time required between behavior. Differential reinforcement of high rate (DRH) – Used to increase high rates of responding. It is like an interval schedule, except that ...
On the other hand, the common definition of adaptation is a central concept in evolution: a trait that was functional to the reproductive success of the organism and that is thus now present due to being selected for; that is, function and evolution are inseparable.
Evolutionary game theory encompasses Darwinian evolution, including competition (the game), natural selection (replicator dynamics), and heredity. Evolutionary game theory has contributed to the understanding of group selection, sexual selection, altruism, parental care, co-evolution, and ecological dynamics. Many counter-intuitive situations ...
Former Carolina star quarterback Cam Newton doubled down on recent comments that the Panthers had “a locker room of losers” before drafting him with the No. 1 overall pick in 2011, saying his ...
Brown and Wilson used the term character displacement to refer to instances of both reproductive character displacement, or reinforcement of reproductive barriers, and ecological character displacement driven by competition. [1] As the term character displacement is commonly used, it generally refers to morphological differences due to competition.