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The Merneptah stele is considered to be the first extra-biblical reference to ancient Israel in ancient history and is widely considered to be authentic and providing historical information. [30] [31] [32] [33]
Merneptah (/ ˈ m ɛr n ɛ p t ɑː, m ər ˈ n ɛ p t ɑː / [2]) or Merenptah (reigned July or August 1213–2 May 1203 BCE) was the fourth pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. According to contemporary historical records, he ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 until his death on 2 May 1203. [ 3 ]
During the reign of Amenhotep III, the origin of the Shasu ("En-Shasus") is given as near the biblical city of Dothan, a place where bedouins brought their flocks. The story of Joseph in the Hebrew Bible also mentions nomads who come to water their animals at a source near Dothan.
The Famine Stela: 31–32: The Tradition of Seven Lean Years in Egypt: Bentresh stela: 1.54: The Legend of the Possessed Princess ("Butresh Stela") 29–31: The Legend of the Possessed Princess: Myth of Elkunirša: 1.55: Elkunirsa and Asertu: 519: El, Ashertu and the Storm-god: Illuyanka: 1.56: The Storm-god and the Serpent (Iluyanka) 125–126 ...
[34] [35] The "Athribis stela" is a granite stela found in Athribis and inscribed on both sides, which like the Cairo column, was first published by Maspero two years later in 1883. [36] The Merneptah Stele from Thebes describes the reign of peace resulting from the victory but does not include any reference to the Sea Peoples. [37]
Previously, the Merneptah Stele (c. 1200) spoke of attacks (Libyan War) from Putrians (from modern Libya), with associated people of Ekwesh, Shekelesh, Lukka, Shardana and Teresh (possibly an Egyptian name for the Tyrrhenians or Troas), and a Canaanite revolt, in the cities of Ashkelon, Yenoam and among the people of Israel.
The Merneptah Stele (13th century BCE). The majority of biblical archaeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as Israel, the first instance of the name in the record. Under the British Mandate (1920–1948), the entire region was known as Palestine. [40]
Matzevah or masseva [1] (Hebrew: מַצֵּבָה, romanized: maṣṣēḇā "pillar" or stele (Koinē Greek: στήλη, romanized: stēlē) in the Septuagint, is a term used in the Hebrew Bible for a baetyl, a type of sacred column or standing stone.