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Starting out as a seasonal settlement, Timbuktu was in the kingdom of Mali when it became a permanent settlement early in the 12th century. After a shift in trading routes, the town flourished from the trade in salt, gold, ivory and slaves from several towns and states such as Begho of Bonoman, Sijilmassa, and other Saharan cities. [1]
In 2017, journalist Charlie English published The Book Smugglers of Timbuktu (also published as The Storied City: The Quest for Timbuktu and the Fantastic Mission to Save Its Past) which tells in alternating chapters the history of European expeditions to Timbuktu (1795 – 1860) and the rescue efforts undertaken by Haidara and others to save ...
From the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library, Timbuktu. The Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library is a private manuscript library in Timbuktu, Mali. Founded by Abdel Kader Haidara in 2000 and named in honor of his father, the library preserves one of the oldest and largest private manuscript collections in Timbuktu, with about 22,000 items. [1] [2]
A biographical note was translated by M.A. Cherbonneau in 1855, [10] and became one of the principal texts for study of the legal history of the Western Sudan. [11] Ahmad Baba's surviving works remain the best sources for the study of al-Maghili and the generation that succeeded him. [ 12 ]
Although the basis of Islamic law and its teaching were brought to Timbuktu from North Africa with the spread of Islam, Western African scholarship developed: Ahmad Baba al Massufi is regarded as the city's greatest scholar. [93] Timbuktu served in this process as a distribution centre of scholars and scholarship.
[6] [7] The mosque was located in the Sankoré quarter of Timbuktu where most of the town's Berbers and Arabs lived. [8] The name Sankoré means 'white masters' or 'white nobles' in the Songhai language, the term ‘white’ here referring to the light-skinned Sanhaja Berbers, and corresponding to the Arabic term bidan. [9] [8] [10]
V. J. Horowitz ("Morokko," p. 58, Leipsic 1887) also speaks of many free tribes in the desert regions who are Jews by race, but who have gradually thrown off Jewish customs and have apparently accepted Islam.
Timbuktu Chronicles is the collective name for a group of writings created in Timbuktu in the second half of the 17th century. [1] [2] [3] They form a distinct genre of taʾrīkh (history). There are three surviving works and a probable lost one. [3] Tarikh al-Sudan, "History of the Sudan" (c. 1655), written by al-Saʿdi