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Acid–base-catalysed hydrolyses are very common; one example is the hydrolysis of amides or esters. Their hydrolysis occurs when the nucleophile (a nucleus-seeking agent, e.g., water or hydroxyl ion) attacks the carbon of the carbonyl group of the ester or amide. In an aqueous base, hydroxyl ions are better nucleophiles than polar molecules ...
Several other amino acids aside from proline are susceptible to hydroxylation, especially lysine, asparagine, aspartate and histidine. Lysine may be hydroxylated on its δ-C atom, forming hydroxylysine (Hyl). [9] Several endogenous proteins contain hydroxyphenylalanine and hydroxytyrosine residues.
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. [1] Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. [2] Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of life. [3] [4]
Therefore, hydrolysis of these high-molecular-weight polymeric components is the necessary first step in anaerobic digestion. [18] Through hydrolysis the complex organic molecules are broken down into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. Acetate and hydrogen produced in the first stages can be used directly by methanogens.
Hydrolyzed protein is a solution derived from the hydrolysis of a protein into its component amino acids and peptides. While many means of achieving this process exist, the most common method is prolonged heating with hydrochloric acid, [1] sometimes with an enzyme such as pancreatic protease to simulate the naturally occurring hydrolytic process.
Idealized scheme showing condensation of two amino acids to give a peptide bond. Many variations of condensation reactions exist. Common examples include the aldol condensation and the Knoevenagel condensation , which both form water as a by-product, as well as the Claisen condensation and the Dieckman condensation (intramolecular Claisen ...
Another common example is the reaction of a primary amine or secondary amine with a carboxylic acid or with a carboxylic acid derivative to form an amide. This reaction is widely used, especially in the synthesis of peptides. On the simple addition of an amine to a carboxylic acid, a salt of the organic acid and base is obtained.
Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction where particulates are solubilized and large polymers converted into simpler monomers; Acidogenesis: A biological reaction where simple monomers are converted into volatile fatty acids; Acetogenesis: A biological reaction where volatile fatty acids are converted into acetic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen