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The geometry of a pinhole camera. Note: the x 1 x 2 x 3 coordinate system in the figure is left-handed, that is the direction of the OZ axis is in reverse to the system the reader may be used to. The geometry related to the mapping of a pinhole camera is illustrated in the figure. The figure contains the following basic objects:
In photographic optics, the Zeiss formula is a supposed formula for computing a circle of confusion (CoC) criterion for depth of field (DoF) calculations. The formula is c = d / 1730 {\displaystyle c=d/1730} , where d {\displaystyle d} is the diagonal measure of a camera format, film, sensor, or print, and c {\displaystyle c} the maximum ...
The hyperfocal distance has a property called "consecutive depths of field", where a lens focused at an object whose distance from the lens is at the hyperfocal distance H will hold a depth of field from H/2 to infinity, if the lens is focused to H/2, the depth of field will be from H/3 to H; if the lens is then focused to H/3, the depth of ...
Depth of field is a significant concern in macro photography, however, and there one sees smaller apertures. For example, the Canon MP-E 65mm can have effective aperture (due to magnification) as small as f /96. The pinhole optic for Lensbaby creative lenses has an aperture of just f /177. [13]
Early pinhole camera. Light enters a dark box through a small hole and creates an inverted image on the wall opposite the hole. [8]The first known description of pinhole photography is found in the 1856 book The Stereoscope by Scottish inventor David Brewster, including the description of the idea as "a camera without lenses, and with only a pin-hole".
Light field cameras use novel optical elements to capture three dimensional scene information which can then be used to produce 3D images, enhanced depth-of-field, and selective de-focusing (or "post focus"). Enhanced depth-of-field reduces the need for mechanical focusing systems. All of these features use computational imaging techniques.
Oklahoma has 41 state parks, two national protected forests or grasslands, [12] and a network of wildlife preserves and conservation areas. Six percent of the state's 10 million acres (40,000 km 2 ) of forest is public land, [ 11 ] including the western portions of the Ouachita National Forest , the largest and oldest national forest in the ...
Focus stacking (for extended depth of field) in bright field light microscopy. This example is of a diatom microfossil in diatomaceous earth. Three source images at different focus distances (top left) are combined with masks (top right) to obtain the contributions of their respective images to the final focus stacked image (bottom).