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Activin β A and β B are identical to the two beta subunits of inhibin. A fifth subunit, activin β D, has been described in Xenopus laevis. Two activin β A subunits give rise to activin A, one β A, and one β B subunit gives rise to activin AB, and so on. Various, but not all theoretically possible, heterodimers have been described.
Follistatin, also known as activin-bindings protein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FST gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Follistatin is an autocrine glycoprotein that is expressed in nearly all tissues of higher animals.
Follistatin inhibits Activin, which it binds. It directly affects follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. Follistatin also is implicated in prostate cancers where mutations in its gene may preventing it from acting on activin which has anti-proliferative properties. [11]
FSH has a beta subunit of 111 amino acids (FSH β), which confers its specific biologic action, and is responsible for interaction with the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. [6] The sugar portion of the hormone is covalently bonded to asparagine, and is composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, and sialic ...
3624 16323 Ensembl ENSG00000122641 ENSMUSG00000041324 UniProt P08476 Q04998 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002192 NM_008380 RefSeq (protein) NP_002183 NP_002183.1 NP_032406 Location (UCSC) Chr 7: 41.67 – 41.71 Mb Chr 13: 16.19 – 16.21 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Inhibin, beta A, also known as INHBA, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the INHBA gene. INHBA is a ...
3625 16324 Ensembl ENSG00000163083 ENSMUSG00000037035 UniProt P09529 Q04999 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002193 NM_008381 RefSeq (protein) NP_002184 NP_032407 Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 120.35 – 120.35 Mb Chr 1: 119.34 – 119.35 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Inhibin, beta B, also known as INHBB, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the INHBB gene. INHBB is a subunit of ...
FSH stimulates aromatase activity in granulosa cells, converting androgens to estrogen. As FSH levels drop, the surrounding follicles develop a more androgen-rich environment. Additionally, the granulosa cells of the dominant follicle release peptides that may inhibit the growth of nearby follicles through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.
The hypothalamus uses follistatin to tell the pituitary to inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone; it also has many other systemic effects. Myocytes use myostatin to tell each other to inhibit myogenesis. Melanocyte-inhibiting factor (melanostatin) inhibits release of other neuropeptides such as alpha-MSH and also has many other functions.