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[3]: 85–86 They also allow the use of angled screwdrivers and trim-head screws. The socket-headed Robertson screws are self-centering and reduce cam out. They also stop a power tool when set, and can be more easily removed if painted over, or old and rusty. [3]: 85–86 In industry, they speed up production and reduce product damage.
The ASME B16 Standardization of Valves Flanges, Fittings and Gaskets Committee, which operates under ASME’s Board on Pressure Technology Codes and Standards is responsible for standards covering valves, flanges, pipe fittings, gaskets and valve actuators for use in pressure services.
Gate valves may have flanged ends drilled according to pipeline-compatible flange dimensional standards. Gate valves are typically constructed from cast iron, cast carbon steel, ductile iron, gunmetal, stainless steel, alloy steels, and forged steels. All-metal gate valves are used in ultra-high vacuum chambers to isolate regions of the chamber ...
Flexible rubber sleeves are used to connect this cast-iron and copper DWV installation. Cast iron DWV pipe and fittings are still used in premium construction because they muffle the sound of wastewater rushing through them, [21]: 149 but today they are rarely joined with traditional lead joints.
Cast iron pipe was superseded by ductile iron pipe, which is a direct development, with most existing manufacturing plants transitioning to the new material during the 1970s and 1980s. Ductile iron pipe is different than cast iron, because the introduction of magnesium during the casting process causes the graphite to form spheres (graphite ...
For high pressure domestic water systems this does not matter, but for low pressure systems where flow rate is important, such as a shower fed by a storage tank, a "stop tap" or, in engineering terms, a "gate valve" is preferred. Gate valves use a metal wedge with a circular face, usually the same diameter as the pipe, which is screwed into ...