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During the early part of Kulasekhara period, the southern region from Nagercoil to Thiruvananthapuram was ruled by Ay kings, who lost their power in the 10th century and thus the region became a part of the Cheras. [89] [90] Kerala witnessed a flourishing period of art, literature, trade and the Bhakti movement of Hinduism. [91]
Kerala is home to 2.8% of India's population; with a density of 859 persons per km 2, its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the national average of 370 persons per km 2. [298] As of 2011 [update] , Thiruvananthapuram is the most populous city in Kerala. [ 299 ]
During this era of Nambudiri and Nair leadership, the culture and political condition of Kerala went on a rapid change. This period witnessed an unstable, chaotic political condition and also saw the rise of rigid social systems. [6] However, literature, art forms, temples, mathematics, astronomy, external trade etc. flourished during this period.
KPCC was formed in 1921 at Ottapalam, on the bank of river Bharathappuzha. [12] In July 1937, a clandestine meeting of the CSP, which was the political party formed by socialists of Congress, was held at Calicut. [13] The CPI in Kerala was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference, held near Thalassery. [14]
After India was partitioned in 1947 into India and Pakistan, Travancore and Cochin, part of India were merged on 1 July 1949 to form Travancore–Cochin (Thiru-Kochi). [7] A popular movement known as Aikya Kerala Movement, for the formation of the State of Kerala, gave motivation to the reorganization of the state on a linguistic basis. [8] [9]
The rest of Kerala was under Ay dynasty (southern tip of Kerala) and Mushika dynasty (northern tip of Kerala). [6] [39] There was more than one branch of the Chera family ruling at the same time and contenting for leadership (one in central Kerala and the other one in western Tamil Nadu). [39]
Thus, 825 CE would have been the first year of the era's third millennium. [8] The news of the physical disappearance of Sri Adi Shankaracharya in 820 CE at Kedarnath reached Kerala only a few years later. It is believed that Kerala began the Malayalam era, also called the Kollam era, in 825 CE in his memory. [9] [10] [11]
During the early part of Kulasekhara period, the southern region from Nagercoil to Thiruvananthapuram was ruled by Ay kings, who lost their power in the 10th century and thus the region became a part of the Cheras. [22] [23] Kerala witnessed a flourishing period of art, literature, trade and the Bhakti movement of Hinduism. [24]