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Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values. [6] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these. [44]
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication levels in blood.Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed. [1]
Digoxin increased the risk of death in women by 23%. There was no difference in the death rate for men in the study. [38] Digoxin is also used as a standard control substance to test for P-glycoprotein inhibition. [39] Digoxin appears to be a peripherally selective drug due to limited brain uptake caused by binding to P-glycoprotein. [40] [41]
Digoxin toxicity can emerge during long-term therapy as well as after an overdose. It can occur even when the serum digoxin concentration is within the therapeutic range when one of the following is present: [4] [5] Hemodynamically unstable arrhythmia; End organ damage; digoxin level > 4 ng/ml if chronic ingestion
For comparison, those with a V d L/kg body weight of less than 0.2 are mainly distributed in blood plasma, 0.2-0.7 mostly in the extracellular fluid and those with more than 0.7 are distributed throughout total body water.
In toxicity, the usual supportive measures are provided. If arrhythmias prove troublesome, or malignant hyperkalaemia occurs (inexorably rising potassium level due to paralysis of the cell membrane-bound, ATPase-dependent Na/K pumps), the specific antidote is antidigoxin (antibody fragments against digoxin, trade names Digibind and Digifab). [7]
Digoxin is a medication used for heart failure or atrial fibrillation. [3] An electrocardiogram is a routine part of diagnosis. [2] Blood levels are only useful more than six hours following the last dose. [1] Activated charcoal may be used if it can be given within two hours of the person taking the medication. [1]
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 8-23 × 10 −5: Bradykinin: 7 × 10 −11: Bromide: 7-10 × 10 −9: Cadmium: normal 1-5 × 10 −9: toxic 0.1-3 × 10 −6: Calciferol (vitamin D 2) Maintain calcium and phosphorus levels 1.7-4.1 × 10 −8: Calcitonin (CT) Hormone <1.0 × 10 −10: Calcium: Bones, Ca 2+ ionized 4.48-4.92 × 10 −5: 4.25-5.25 × 10 ...