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The /etc/passwd file typically has file system permissions that allow it to be readable by all users of the system (world-readable), although it may only be modified by the superuser or by using a few special purpose privileged commands. The /etc/passwd file is a text file with one record per line, each describing a user account.
The gecos field, or GECOS field, is a field in each record in the /etc/passwd file on Unix and similar operating systems.On UNIX, it is the 5th of 7 fields in a record. It is typically used to record general information about the account or its user(s) such as their real name and phone number.
Unix /etc/passwd is a common file used to demonstrate directory traversal, as it is often used by crackers to try cracking the passwords. However, in more recent Unix systems, the /etc/passwd file does not contain the hashed passwords, and they are instead located in the /etc/shadow file, which cannot be read by unprivileged users on the ...
Because many users re-use passwords for multiple sites, the use of a salt is an important component of overall web application security. [14] Some additional references for using a salt to secure password hashes in specific languages or libraries (PHP, the .NET libraries, etc.) can be found in the external links section below.
Password-based cryptography is the study of password-based key encryption, decryption, and authorization. It generally refers two distinct classes of methods: It generally refers two distinct classes of methods:
Historically, various forms of encryption have been used to aid in cryptography. Early encryption techniques were often used in military messaging. Since then, new techniques have emerged and become commonplace in all areas of modern computing. [1] Modern encryption schemes use the concepts of public-key [2] and symmetric-key. [1]
A password manager is a software application that creates, stores and provides passwords to applications. Password managers encrypt passwords. Password managers encrypt passwords. The user only needs to remember a single master password to access the store.
Multiple encryption is the process of encrypting an already encrypted message one or more times, either using the same or a different algorithm. It is also known as cascade encryption, cascade ciphering, multiple encryption, and superencipherment. Superencryption refers to the outer-level encryption of a multiple encryption.