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The geographic cycle, or cycle of erosion, is an idealized model that explains the development of relief in landscapes. [1] The model starts with the erosion that follows uplift of land above a base level and ends, if conditions allow, in the formation of a peneplain . [ 1 ]
Walther Penck (30 August 1888 – 29 September 1923) was a geologist [1] and geomorphologist [1] known for his theories on landscape evolution. Penck is noted for criticizing key elements of the Davisian cycle of erosion, concluding that the process of uplift and denudation occur simultaneously, at gradual and continuous rates. [2]
Following this thought erosion by the sea and lateral stream migration are of prime importance as these processes are effective in removing debris. [5] Unequal activity does also imply there are great disparities between stream erosion near stream channels and apparently unchanged uplands, and between headwaters with limited erosion and the ...
Likely it was Büdel, a student of Brückner and Penck, [20] who coined the term "climatic geomorphology". [19] In the English-speaking world the tendency was not explicit until L.C. Peltier's 1950 publication on a periglacial cycle of erosion. [15] [19] This was however an isolated work whose theme was not followed up by other English-language ...
An early popular geomorphic model was the geographical cycle or cycle of erosion model of broad-scale landscape evolution developed by William Morris Davis between 1884 and 1899. [11] It was an elaboration of the uniformitarianism theory that had first been proposed by James Hutton (1726–1797). [ 24 ]
Though the cycle of erosion was a crucial early contribution to the development of geomorphology, many of Davis' theories regarding landscape evolution, sometimes termed 'Davisian geomorphology', were heavily criticized by later geomorphologists. When Davis retired from Harvard in 1911, the study of landscape evolution was nearly monopolized by ...
"the decrepit surface must wait either until extinguished by submergence below the sea, or regenerated by elevation into a new cycle of life" Uplifted peneplains can be preserved as fossil landforms in conditions of extreme aridity or under non-eroding cold-based glacier ice. [5] Erosion of peneplains by glaciers in shield regions is limited.
Penck's theory, while ultimately being ignored, returned to denudation and uplift occurring simultaneously and relying on continental mobility, even though Penck rejected continental drift. The Davisian and Penckian models were heavily debated for a few decades until Penck's was ignored and support for Davis's waned after his death as more ...