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The biological and geological future of Earth can be extrapolated based on the estimated effects of several long-term influences. These include the chemistry at Earth's surface, the cooling rate of the planet's interior, gravitational interactions with other objects in the Solar System, and a steady increase in the Sun's luminosity.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 10 February 2025. Scientific projections regarding the far future Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see List of numbers and List of years. Artist's concept of the Earth 5–7.5 billion years from now, when the Sun has become a red giant While the future cannot be predicted with certainty ...
The book also suggests that not only will Earth eventually become uninhabitable to complex life long before it finally gets destroyed by the Sun's red giant stage, it also implies that intelligent life will probably die out even much sooner due to them being even more fragile than other animals, and that not only microbial life were the first ...
570 light years away, a white dwarf devours its planetary children and creates a whole new field of science in its wake.
The sun is currently at a solar maximum — a period of peak solar magnetic activity lasting one to two years and causing powerful flares, eruptions, and ejections. Sometimes, the charged ...
Given our assumed half-life of the proton, nucleons (protons and bound neutrons) will have undergone roughly 1,000 half-lives by the time the universe is 10 43 years old. This means that there will be roughly 0.5 1,000 (approximately 10 −301 ) as many nucleons; as there are an estimated 10 80 protons currently in the universe, [ 41 ] none ...
The heat death of the universe (also known as the Big Chill or Big Freeze) [1] [2] is a hypothesis on the ultimate fate of the universe, which suggests the universe will evolve to a state of no thermodynamic free energy, and will therefore be unable to sustain processes that increase entropy.
The Sun will exit the main sequence in approximately 5 billion years and start to turn into a red giant. [29] [30] As a red giant, the Sun will grow so large (over 200 times its present-day radius: ~ 215 R ☉; ~ 1 AU) that it will engulf Mercury, Venus, and likely Earth. It will lose 38% of its mass growing, then will die into a white dwarf. [31]