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Peer assessment, or self-assessment, is a process whereby students or their peers grade assignments or tests based on a teacher's benchmarks. [1] The practice is employed to save teachers time and improve students' understanding of course materials as well as improve their metacognitive skills.
Peers, particularly group members, become important social referents for [25] [26] teaching other members customs, social norms, and different ideologies. [27] Positive peer relationships improve social interaction and enhance positive engagement levels in adolescents with and without disabilities. [28]
Later relationships also tend to exhibit higher levels of commitment. [10] Most psychologists and relationship counselors predict a decline of intimacy and passion over time, replaced by a greater emphasis on companionate love (differing from adolescent companionate love in the caring, committed, and partner-focused qualities).
It is the range where the learner is able to perform, but only with support from a teacher or a peer with more knowledge or expertise. This person is known as the "more knowledgable other." [ 1 ] The concept was introduced, but not fully developed, by psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) during the last three years of his life. [ 2 ]
Peer pressure is a direct or indirect influence on peers, i.e., members of social groups with similar interests and experiences, or social statuses. Members of a peer group are more likely to influence a person's beliefs, values, religion and behavior.
Sociometric status is a measurement that reflects the degree to which someone is liked or disliked by their peers as a group. While there are some studies that have looked at sociometric status among adults, the measure is primarily used with children and adolescents to make inferences about peer relations and social competence.
The theory places relationships in a linear structure, when some relationships might skip steps or go backwards in terms of intimacy. Russell Cropanzano and Marie S. Mitchell discuss how one of the major issues within the social exchange theory is the lack of information within studies on the various exchange rules. [ 46 ]
Relationship maintenance (or relational maintenance) refers to a variety of behaviors exhibited by relational partners in an effort to maintain that relationship.Scholars define relational maintenance in four different ways: [1] to keep a relationship in existence, to keep a relationship in a specified state or condition, to keep a relationship in a satisfactory condition, and to keep a ...