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A particle swarm searching for the global minimum of a function. In computational science, particle swarm optimization (PSO) [1] is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality.
As a result of the completion of the last iteration, a system will be obtained that can correctly determine the landmark with a certain accuracy. In the particle swarm optimization method, there are particles that search for landmarks, and each of them uses a certain formula in each iteration to optimize landmark detection. [15]
Multi-swarm optimization is a variant of particle swarm optimization (PSO) based on the use of multiple sub-swarms instead of one (standard) swarm. The general approach in multi-swarm optimization is that each sub-swarm focuses on a specific region while a specific diversification method decides where and when to launch the sub-swarms.
The Boids model can be used for direct control and stabilization of teams of simple unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) [6] or micro aerial vehicles (MAV) [7] in swarm robotics. For stabilization of heterogeneous UAV-UGV teams, the model was adapted for using onboard relative localization by Saska et al. [ 8 ]
2005 DARPA Grand Challenge winner Stanley performed SLAM as part of its autonomous driving system. A map generated by a SLAM Robot. Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is the computational problem of constructing or updating a map of an unknown environment while simultaneously keeping track of an agent's location within it.
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a global optimization algorithm for dealing with problems in which a best solution can be represented as a point or surface in an n-dimensional space. Hypotheses are plotted in this space and seeded with an initial velocity , as well as a communication channel between the particles.
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Particle swarm optimization (PSO) A swarm intelligence method. Intelligent water drops (IWD) A swarm-based optimization algorithm based on natural water drops flowing in rivers Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) A swarm intelligence method. Ant colony clustering method (ACCM) A method that make use of clustering approach, extending the ACO.