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The gas used is usually inert, or of a nature that protects the integrity of the packaged goods, inhibiting unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation. Some may also serve as a propellant for aerosol sprays like cans of whipped cream. For packaging food, the use of various gases is approved by regulatory organisations. [1]
Phillips, C.A.: (1996) Review: Modified Atmosphere Packaging and its effects on the microbial quality and safety of produce, International Journal of Food Science and Tech, 31, 463-479 Robertson, G. L., "Food Packaging: Principles and Practice", 3rd edition, 2013, ISBN 978-1-4398-6241-4
Nitrogen dioxide is poisonous and can be fatal if inhaled in large quantities. [8] Cooking with a gas stove produces nitrogen dioxide which causes poorer indoor air quality. Combustion of gas can lead to increased concentrations of nitrogen dioxide throughout the home environment which is linked to respiratory issues and diseases.
There is an increasing development and production of food packaging materials containing substances and realizing systems intended to extend shelf life: carbon dioxide (CO 2) emitters; antioxidants (e.g. butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tocopherols, hinokitiol); antimicrobial enzymes (e.g. lysozyme), polymers (e.g ...
In controlled atmosphere the oxygen is reduced to 1.5–2% by replacing it with nitrogen and a little bit of carbon dioxide, which is produced by fruits. Under controlled atmosphere conditions the quality and the freshness of fruit and vegetables are retained, and many products can be stored for 2 to 4 times longer than usual.
Secondary standards are designed to protect public welfare, damage to property, transportation hazards, economic values, and personal comfort and well-being from any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant. A district meeting a given standard is known as an "attainment area" for that standard, and otherwise a "non-attainment area". [2]
The standards have been updated several times since 1970. [3] The six criteria pollutants in particular are tracked due to their known harmful effects on human health and the environment. [ 1 ] An area with outdoor air exceeding the limit for a given pollutant is considered a non-attainment area for that pollutant.
As an example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has developed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) [6] NAAQS set attainment thresholds for sulfur dioxide, particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5), carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides NO x, and lead (Pb) in outdoor air throughout the United States.