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Ozone is least concentrated in the ground layer (or planetary boundary layer) of the troposphere. Ground-level or tropospheric ozone is created by chemical reactions between NOx gases (oxides of nitrogen produced by combustion) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The combination of these chemicals in the presence of sunlight form ozone.
Ground-level ozone and particulate matter originate from different sources and human activities such as power plants and refineries that pollute the environment around the affected area. [2] With limited dispersion and a lack of atmospheric mixing, the amount of pollutants increase and stay stagnant for days. [ 2 ]
Ground-level ozone pollution (tropospheric ozone) is produced near the Earth's surface by the action of daylight UV rays on these precursors. The ozone at ground level is primarily from fossil fuel precursors, but methane is a natural precursor, and the very low natural background level of ozone at ground level is considered safe. This section ...
Map showing Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution signatories (green) and ratifications (dark green) as of July 2007. The 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (known as the Multi-effect Protocol or the Gothenburg Protocol) is a multi-pollutant protocol designed to reduce acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone by ...
The ozone AQI between 100 and 300 is computed by selecting the larger of the AQI calculated with a 1-hour ozone value and the AQI computed with the 8-hour ozone value. Eight-hour ozone averages do not define AQI values greater than 300; AQI values of 301 or greater are calculated with 1-hour ozone concentrations. 1-hour SO 2 values do not ...
Ventilation with outdoor air containing elevated ozone concentrations may complicate remediation attempts. [69] The WHO standard for ozone concentration is 60 μg/m 3 for long-term exposure and 100 μg/m 3 as the maximum average over an 8-hour period. [29] The EPA standard for ozone concentration is 0.07 ppm average over an 8-hour period. [70]
The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) is a certificate awarded upon satisfactory result in an examination conducted by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, a private board designed to provide an examination in a course of general education, in accordance with the recommendations of the New Education Policy 2020 (), through the medium of English.
Ground-level ozone is a prominent example of a secondary pollutant. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.