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In pipes as limescale and in surface deposits of calcite as travertine or tufa the primary driver of calcite formation is the exsolution of gas. When heating hard water on the stove, these gas bubbles form on the surface of the pan prior to boiling.
Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow and thermal conduction from the pipe, so will reduce thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.
The initial nucleation of the gas bubbles can occur due to depressurization of the hard water as it flows up a water well just like when the top comes off of a beer bottle. Once carbon dioxide leaves the liquid a chemical reaction immediately drives formation of calcium carbonate crystals on the surface of the bubbles.
The gas bubbles, also known as convective granules, are about 621 miles (1,000 kilometers) across and move at speeds of a few kilometers per second, so they only survive for about 10 minutes.
Air bubbles rising from a scuba diver in water A soap bubble floating in the air. A bubble is a globule of a gas substance in a liquid. In the opposite case, a globule of a liquid in a gas, is called a drop. [1] Due to the Marangoni effect, bubbles may remain intact when they reach the surface of the immersive substance.
New applications are in inkjet systems where gas in the ink forms bubbles that degrade print quality, a degassing unit is placed prior to the print head to remove gas and prevent the buildup of bubbles keeping good jetting and print quality. The above three methods are used to remove all dissolved gases. Below are methods for more selective ...
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Fouling by particles from gas aerosols is also of industrial significance. The particles can be either solid or liquid. The common examples can be fouling by flue gases, or fouling of air-cooled components by dust in air. The mechanisms are discussed in article on aerosol deposition.