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In statistics and numerical analysis, isotonic regression or monotonic regression is the technique of fitting a free-form line to a sequence of observations such that the fitted line is non-decreasing (or non-increasing) everywhere, and lies as close to the observations as possible.
Effect of different solutions on red blood cells Micrographs of osmotic pressure on red blood cells. In chemical biology, tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a partially-permeable cell membrane.
The term isotonic may refer to: . Isotonic (exercise physiology), a type of muscle contraction Isotonic regression, a type of numerical analysis; Isotonic, one of three types of tonicity that characterize a solution's concentration; see Tonicity#Isotonicity
The primary use of sterile water for injection is as an ingredient for dilution of other medications (aseptic preparation of parenteral solutions). [6] If it is given by injection into a vein without making it approximately isotonic, breakdown of red blood cells may occur. [3]
Isotopes are nuclides having the same number of protons: e.g. carbon-12 and carbon-13.; Isobars are nuclides having the same mass number (i.e. sum of protons plus neutrons): e.g. carbon-12 and boron-12.
In medicinal chemistry, Drug Permeability is an empirical parameter that indicates how quickly a chemical entity or an active pharmaceutical ingredient crosses a biological membrane or another biological barrier to become bioavailable in the body.
In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the definite integral of the concentration of a drug in blood plasma as a function of time (this can be done using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry [1]).
Pharmaceutical bioinformatics is a research field related to bioinformatics but with the focus on studying biological and chemical processes in the pharmaceutical area; to understand how xenobiotics interact with the human body and the drug discovery process.