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The International Phonetic Association was founded in Paris in 1886 under the name Dhi Fonètik Tîtcerz' Asóciécon (The Phonetic Teachers' Association), a development of L'Association phonétique des professeurs d'Anglais ("The English Teachers' Phonetic Association"), to promote an international phonetic alphabet, designed primarily for English, French, and German, for use in schools to ...
The original IPA alphabet was based on the Romic alphabet, an English spelling reform created by Henry Sweet that in turn was based on the Palaeotype alphabet of Alexander John Ellis, but to make it usable for other languages the values of the symbols were allowed to vary from language to language.
The IPA's major contribution to phonetics is the International Phonetic Alphabet—a notational standard for the phonetic representation of all languages. The acronym IPA refers to both the association and the alphabet. On 30 June 2015, it was incorporated as a British private company limited by guarantee. [3] [4]
Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ɾ fish-hook r, ɤ ram's horns, ʘ bull's eye, ʃ esh (apparently never 'stretched s'), ʒ ezh (sometimes confused with yogh), ɧ hook-top heng. The ʔ is usually called by the sound it represents, glottal stop. This is not normally a problem, because this symbol is ...
The most common style of beer produced by the big breweries is pale lager. [5] Beer styles indigenous in the United States include amber ale, cream ale, and California common. [6] More recent craft styles include American Pale Ale, American IPA, India Pale Lager, Black IPA, and the American "Double" or "Imperial" IPA. [7] [8] [9]
Franklin proposed the use of doubled letters to represent what he called long vowels, represented by modern phonemes in IPA thus: long / ɔː / versus short / ɒ / (or, in his notation, versus ), long / eɪ / versus short / ɛ / (ee versus e), and long / iː / for short / ɪ / (ii versus i).
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Particularly in American linguistic tradition, the unmerged weak [ɪ]-type vowel is often transcribed with the barred i ɨ , the IPA symbol for the close central unrounded vowel. [35] Another symbol sometimes used is ᵻ , the non-IPA symbol for a near-close central unrounded vowel.