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Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. [1] [2] [3] Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live oral vaccine) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). They are about 30 to 70% effective in the first two years, depending on the specific vaccine in ...
Ty21a is a live attenuated bacterial vaccine that protects against typhoid.First licensed in Europe in 1983 and in the United States in 1989, it is an orally administered, live-attenuated Ty2 strain of S. Typhi in which multiple genes, including the genes responsible for the production of Vi, have been deleted so as to render it harmless but nevertheless immunogenic.
The Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (or ViCPS) is a typhoid vaccine recommended by the World Health Organization for the prevention of typhoid (another is Ty21a).The vaccine was first licensed in the US in 1994 and is made from the purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from the Ty2 Salmonella Typhi strain; it is a subunit vaccine.
Although vaccination programs for typhoid have proven effective, they alone cannot eliminate typhoid fever. [39] Combining vaccines with public health efforts is the only proven way to control this disease. [39] Since the 1990s, the WHO has recommended two typhoid fever vaccines. The ViPS vaccine is given by injection and the Ty21a by capsules.
While no vaccine is available specifically for paratyphoid, the typhoid vaccine may provide some benefit. [1] [2] Prevention includes drinking clean water, better sanitation, and better handwashing. [1] Treatment of the disease is with antibiotics such as azithromycin. [1] Resistance to a number of other previously effective antibiotics is ...
ATC code J07 Vaccines is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products.
The chlorination of public drinking water led to the sharp reduction of typhoid in developed nations. [8] In typhoid-endemic countries, Typhoid vaccines have been shown to prevent 40 to 90% of cases during the first two years, [ 9 ] and may have some effect for up to seven years.
Atovaquone and azithromycin. In life-threatening cases, exchange transfusion is performed. No Bacillus cereus: Bacillus cereus infection Culture Vancomycin: No multiple bacteria Bacterial meningitis: Lumbar puncture (contraindicated if there is a mass in the brain or the intracranial pressure is elevated), CT or MRI Antibiotics No multiple bacteria