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Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (2 14 = 16 384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (2 16 = 65 536) rows and 256 columns (2 8 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 onwards, including the current Version 16.x, can handle over 1M (2 20 = 1 048 576) rows, and 16 384 (2 14, labeled as column ...
Cost benchmarking is a growing factor in Cost Analysis, [3] where there is a systematic breakdown of existing cost data to allow for closer examination. However, Procurement Professionals often face immense difficulty in identifying their market peers' pricing due to the confidentiality tied to competitive advantage.
Some people argue that PCM is a synonym for target costing. [1] [2] [3] However, others argue that PCM is different, because target costing is a pricing method, whereas, PCM is focused on the maximum profit or minimum cost of a product, regardless of the price at which the product is sold to the end customer. [4]
Cost-plus pricing is a pricing strategy by which the selling price of a product is determined by adding a specific fixed percentage (a "markup") to the product's unit cost. Essentially, the markup percentage is a method of generating a particular desired rate of return. [1] [2] An alternative pricing method is value-based pricing. [3]
Microsoft Office 3.0 for Mac was released in 1992 and included Word 5.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail Client. Excel 4.0 was the first application to support new AppleScript. [180] Microsoft Office 4.2 for Mac was released in 1994. (Version 4.0 was skipped to synchronize version numbers with Office for Windows) Version 4.2 included Word 6. ...
Construction cost estimating software is computer software designed for contractors to estimate construction costs for a specific project. A cost estimator will typically use estimating software to estimate their bid price for a project, which will ultimately become part of a resulting construction contract. Some architects, engineers ...
If certified cost or pricing data has been requested by the Government and submitted by an offeror, but an exception is later found to apply, the data should not be considered to be "certified". [1] The requirement for a certificate of cost or pricing data may also apply to sub-contractors at any tier in the supply chain. [2] [4]
Activity-based costing was first clearly defined in 1987 by Robert S. Kaplan and W. Bruns as a chapter in their book Accounting and Management: A Field Study Perspective. [8] They initially focused on manufacturing industry where increasing technology and productivity improvements have reduced the relative proportion of the direct costs of ...