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Cultures of indigenous peoples in Bolivia developed in the high altitude settings of altiplano with low oxygen levels, poor soils and extreme weather patterns. The better-suited lowlands were sparsely inhabited by hunter-gatherer societies while much of the pre-Columbian population was concentrated in altiplano valleys of Cochabamba and Chuquisaca.
Bolivia, [c] officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, [d] is a landlocked country located in central South America.The country features diverse geography, including vast Amazonian plains, tropical lowlands, mountains, the Gran Chaco Province, warm valleys, high-altitude Andean plateaus, and snow-capped peaks, encompassing a wide range of climates and biomes across its regions and cities.
Western Bolivia became one of the four Incan territories within its empire known as Qullasuyu, with an estimated one million inhabitants. [ 9 ] The highest official of Qullasuyu ruled on behalf of the "Inca" (the emperor) and supervised a group of provincial governors, who in turn controlled the members of the Aymara nobility.
One-third of the country is within the Andean mountain range. With an area of 1,098,581 km 2 (424,164 sq mi), Bolivia is the fifth-largest country in South America after Brazil, Argentina, Peru and Colombia, and, alongside Paraguay, is one of two landlocked countries in the Americas. It is the largest landlocked country in the Southern Hemisphere.
The Atacama Desert border dispute between Bolivia and Chile (1825–1879) The Atacama Desert and the Puna in 1830. The Atacama Desert border dispute was a dispute between Bolivia and Chile from 1825 to 1879 for the territories of the Atacama Coast due to the different views of both countries of the territory inherited from the Spanish Empire.
Sovereign access to the Pacific would bring Bolivia significant economic benefits.
Bolivia also argued that it had a right to coastal access because of the harmful economic effects of being landlocked. [21] Zach Kleiman says that trade to and from Bolivia is much slower and more expensive than equivalent trade in Chile, and logistical costs are 31% higher than the average in the region. [21]
Bolivia's government is reviving its decadeslong push not only to destigmatize the plant and make it legal to export but also to create a global market for coca liquor, soap, shampoo, toothpaste ...