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The incidence of bipolar disorder is similar in men and women [190] as well as across different cultures and ethnic groups. [11] A 2000 study by the World Health Organization found that prevalence and incidence of bipolar disorder are very similar across the world. Age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranged from 421.0 in South Asia to 481.7 ...
Limbic hypermetabolism is more consistent than in bipolar depression, but the overall study quality is low due to limitations associated with neuroimaging in acutely manic patients. [70] Another review reported that mania is generally associated with frontal/ventral hypoactivation, while depression is generally associated with the opposite.
Research suggests that 70 percent of people with bipolar disorder experience their first manic episode between 15 and 24 years old, though it can happen later in life.
The trouble that researchers have had in conclusively identifying genes that cause bipolar disorder has led them to search for an epigenetic component to bipolar disorder. Epigenetics is the study of heritable phenotypes that occur without changes to the primary DNA sequence. Typically, epigenetics focuses on the expression and regulation of genes.
Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach.
Bipolar disorder is marked by “extreme mood swings,” including “emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression),” according to Mayo Clinic. The wide-ranging symptoms can affect ...