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  2. Error bar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_bar

    A bar chart with confidence intervals ... This can determine whether differences are statistically significant. ... how well the function describes the data.

  3. Cohen's h - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen's_h

    A "statistically significant" difference between two proportions is understood to mean that, given the data, it is likely that there is a difference in the population proportions. However, this difference might be too small to be meaningful—the statistically significant result does not tell us the size of the difference.

  4. x̅ and R chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X̅_and_R_chart

    In statistical process control (SPC), the ¯ and R chart is a type of scheme, popularly known as control chart, used to monitor the mean and range of a normally distributed variables simultaneously, when samples are collected at regular intervals from a business or industrial process. [1]

  5. Estimation statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_statistics

    While historical data-group plots (bar charts, box plots, and violin plots) do not display the comparison, estimation plots add a second axis to explicitly visualize the effect size. [28] The Gardner–Altman plot. Left: A conventional bar chart, using asterisks to show that the difference is 'statistically significant.'

  6. Tukey's range test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukey's_range_test

    However, the studentized range distribution used to determine the level of significance of the differences considered in Tukey's test has vastly broader application: It is useful for researchers who have searched their collected data for remarkable differences between groups, but then cannot validly determine how significant their discovered ...

  7. Statistical significance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance

    For the null hypothesis to be rejected, an observed result has to be statistically significant, i.e. the observed p-value is less than the pre-specified significance level . To determine whether a result is statistically significant, a researcher calculates a p -value, which is the probability of observing an effect of the same magnitude or ...

  8. Control chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_chart

    Control charts are graphical plots used in production control to determine whether quality and manufacturing processes are being controlled under stable conditions. (ISO 7870-1) [1] The hourly status is arranged on the graph, and the occurrence of abnormalities is judged based on the presence of data that differs from the conventional trend or deviates from the control limit line.

  9. Misleading graph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graph

    To show relative differences in values over time, an index chart can be used. Truncated diagrams will always distort the underlying numbers visually. Several studies found that even if people were correctly informed that the y-axis was truncated, they still overestimated the actual differences, often substantially.