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The elimination rate constant K or K e is a value used in pharmacokinetics to describe the rate at which a drug is removed from the human system. [1] It is often abbreviated K or K e. It is equivalent to the fraction of a substance that is removed per unit time measured at any particular instant and has units of T −1.
For example, gentamicin is an antibiotic that can be nephrotoxic (kidney damaging) and ototoxic (hearing damaging); measurement of gentamicin through concentrations in a patient's plasma and calculation of the AUC is used to guide the dosage of this drug. [3] AUC becomes useful for knowing the average concentration over a time interval, AUC/t.
IR is insulin resistance and %β is the β-cell function (more precisely, an index for glucose tolerance, i.e. a measure for the ability to counteract the glucose load). Insulin is given in μU/mL. [7] Glucose and insulin are both during fasting. [2] This model correlated well with estimates using the euglycemic clamp method (r = 0.88). [2]
The hyperglycemic clamps are often used to assess insulin secretion capacity. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique: The plasma insulin concentration is acutely raised and maintained at 100 μU/ml by a continuous infusion of insulin. Meanwhile, the plasma glucose concentration is held constant at basal levels by a variable glucose infusion.
This gives a = 100 μg/mL if the drug stays in the blood stream only, and thus its volume of distribution is the same as that is = 0.08 L/kg. If the drug distributes into all body water the volume of distribution would increase to approximately V D = {\displaystyle V_{D}=} 0.57 L/kg [ 8 ]
The c inj value is calculated as ratio of two independent measurements: the injected radioactivity (injected dose, ID) and the body weight (BW) of the subject. The ID can be estimated e.g. as difference in the radioactivity of the syringe before and after injection, if deemed necessary with correction for physical decay between each of those measurements and the time of injection.
Prandial insulin, also called mealtime or bolus insulin, is designed as a bolus dose of insulin prior to a meal to regulate the spike in blood glucose that occurs following a meal. The dose of prandial insulin may be static, or may be calculated by the patient using either their current blood sugar, planned carbohydrate intake, or both.
Multivitamins nutrition facts label showing that the international unit of, for example, vitamins D and E correspond to different gram values. In pharmacology, the international unit (IU) is a unit of measurement for the effect or biological activity of a substance, for the purpose of easier comparison across similar forms of substances.