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Queens have more than two times higher catalase activity and seven times higher expression levels of the catalase gene RsCAT1 than workers. [39] It appears that the efficient antioxidant capability of termite queens can partly explain how they attain longer life. Catalase enzymes from various species have vastly differing optimum temperatures.
These conformational changes also bring catalytic residues in the active site close to the chemical bonds in the substrate that will be altered in the reaction. After binding takes place, one or more mechanisms of catalysis lowers the energy of the reaction's transition state, by providing an alternative chemical pathway for the reaction.
Several factors affect the activity of enzymes (and other catalysts) including temperature, pH, the concentration of enzymes, substrate, and products. A particularly important reagent in enzymatic reactions is water, which is the product of many bond-forming reactions and a reactant in many bond-breaking processes.
Factors affecting enzyme activity As enzymes are made up of proteins, their actions are sensitive to change in many physio chemical factors such as pH, temperature, substrate concentration, etc. The following table shows pH optima for various enzymes.
Kinetically perfect enzymes have a specificity constant, k cat /K m, on the order of 10 8 to 10 9 M −1 s −1.The rate of the enzyme-catalysed reaction is limited by diffusion and so the enzyme 'processes' the substrate well before it encounters another molecule.
External factors may limit the ability of an enzyme to catalyse a reaction in both directions (whereas the nature of a catalyst in itself means that it cannot catalyse just one direction, according to the principle of microscopic reversibility). We consider the case of an enzyme that catalyses the reaction in both directions:
Several factors can increase the odds of multiple births. Families with college educations and household incomes of at least $100,000 are more likely to spend more on IVF treatment to start or ...
A catalase-like nanozyme was developed for tumor therapy. [135] A defect-rich adhesive molybdenum disulfide/reduced graphene oxide nanozyme was developed for anti-bacterial activity. [136] A MOF@COF nanozyme was developed for anti-bacterial activity. [137] Plasmonic nanozymes were reported. [138]