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In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA transcript may encode a protein ( mRNA ), or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA or rRNA .
The Pribnow box (also known as the Pribnow-Schaller box) is a sequence of TATAAT of six nucleotides (thymine, adenine, thymine, etc.) that is an essential part of a promoter site on DNA for transcription to occur in bacteria.
The left model is of the complex of NF-YC/NF-YB with the CCAAT element from the pro- 2(I) collagen promoter. The DNA backbone is shown as ribbons (purple) with the bases displayed. The two possible locations of the CCAAT box, according to the modeling, have been colored cyan. For the right model of the NF-Y/CCAAT complex.
The CAG promoter is a strong synthetic promoter frequently used to drive high levels of gene expression in mammalian expression vectors. [1] [2] CAG promoter was constructed in the lab of Dr Jun-ichi Miyazaki [3] [4] from the following sequences: (C) the cytomegalovirus (CMV) early enhancer element,
Promoter activity is a term that encompasses several meanings around the process of gene expression from regulatory sequences —promoters [2] and enhancers. [3] Gene expression has been commonly characterized as a measure of how much, how fast, when and where this process happens. [ 4 ]
An active enhancer regulatory region of DNA is enabled to interact with the promoter DNA region of its target gene by the formation of a chromosome loop. This can initiate messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene. The loop is stabilized by one architectural ...
Transcription preinitiation complex, represented by the central cluster of proteins, causes RNA polymerase to bind to target DNA site. The PIC is able to bind both the promoter sequence near the gene to be transcribed and an enhancer sequence in a different part of the genome, allowing enhancer sequences to regulate a gene distant from it.
The tac promoter finds various applications. The tac promoter/operator (dubbed PTAC) is one of the most widely used expression systems. Ptac is a strong hybrid promoter composed of the –35 region of the trp promoter and the –10 region of the lacUV5 promoter/operator. The expression of PTAC is repressed by the lacI protein.