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Physiological ketosis is the non-pathological (normal functioning) elevation of ketone bodies that can result from any state of increased fatty acid oxidation including fasting, prolonged exercise, or very low-carbohydrate diets such as the ketogenic diet. [5] In physiological ketosis, serum ketone levels generally remain below 3 mM. [1]
Feline diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in cats whereby either insufficient insulin response or insulin resistance leads to persistently high blood glucose concentrations. Diabetes affects up to 1 in 230 cats, [1] and may be becoming increasingly common. Diabetes is less common in cats than in dogs.
1.003 [1] [2] 1.030 [1] [2] g/mL Urobilinogen: 0.2 [2] 1.0 [2] Ehrlich units or mg/dL Free catecholamines, dopamine: 90 [3] 420 [3] μg/d Red blood cells (RBCs) 0 [4] [2] 2 [2] - 3 [4] per High Power Field (HPF) RBC casts: n/a 0 / negative [2] White blood cells (WBCs) 0 [2] 2 [2] pH: 5 [2] 7 [2] (unitless) Protein: 0: trace amounts [2] Glucose ...
Under normal conditions nearly all the glucose removed in the glomerulus is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. If the blood glucose level increases, as happens in diabetes mellitus, the capacity of the convoluted tubule to reabsorb glucose is exceeded (an effect known as renal reabsorption threshold). For glucose this threshold is ...
Cancer cells need glucose to thrive, but normal cells can survive with ketones as an energy source. In some types of cancer, amazing results have been seen using this diet with other therapies (3).
Higher levels of ketones in the urine indicate that the body is using fat as the major source of energy. Ketone bodies that commonly appear in the urine when fats are burned for energy are acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Acetone is also produced and is expired by the lungs. [1]
The brain uses these ketone bodies as fuel, thus cutting its requirement for glucose. After fasting for 3 days, the brain gets 30% of its energy from ketone bodies. After 4 days, this goes up to 75%. [6] Thus, the production of ketone bodies cuts the brain's glucose requirement from 80 g per day to about 30 g per day.
Each year, about 4% of type 1 diabetics in the United Kingdom develop DKA, versus 25% of type 1 diabetics in Malaysia. [1] [5] DKA was first described in 1886 and continued to be a universally fatal condition until introduction of insulin therapy in the 1920s. [7] With adequate and timely treatment today, the risk of death is between <1% and 5% ...