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Beginning with the Catholization of most of the Philippines in the 16th century, political power was shared by the Catholic Church and the Spanish civil authorities. The Filipino Jesuit historian Horacio de la Costa mentions that the rules governing the cooperation of the two entities was set in the Patronato Real de las Indias, a combination of law and jurisprudence that governed the delicate ...
In Al-Andalus (Andalusia), from the 8th to the 15th centuries, under Muslim rule, a degree of religious tolerance was granted to Christians and Jews. This part of history is known for its supposed religious tolerance, especially under the Umayyad Caliphate where many cultural and intellectual achievements were made.
The Philippines became a Spanish colony in 1565, following the Magellan expedition's stopover in the islands in 1521. Religion played a significant role in the colony's governance. Due to the distance of the Philippines from the Iberian Peninsula, Spain had to rely on network of parishes and monastic orders for governance of the archipelago. [3]
The modern concept of religious tolerance developed out of the European wars of religion, more specifically out of the Peace of Westphalia which ended the 30 Years' War (1618–1648), during the Protestant Reformation and the ensuing conflicts between Protestants and Catholics in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.
Montesquieu already wrote in 1721 about religious tolerance and a degree of separation between religion and government. [27] Voltaire defended some level of separation but ultimately subordinated the Church to the needs of the State [ 28 ] while Denis Diderot , for instance, was a partisan of a strict separation of Church and State, saying ...
However, the Rome (modern-day Vatican) or the Pope had no absolute power over Catholic clergy in the Philippines. The Pope's decision affecting the Philippines had to be approved by the Spanish government and religious orders in the Philippines still wielded influence over the colonial government and could override Rome (modern-day Vatican). [5]
The cohesion of our national and local cultures suffer nowadays even at the individual level.
Symbols of religious freedom are seen in significant locations around the world, such as the Statue of Liberty in New York, representing hope for religious refugees; [9] the Touro Synagogue in Rhode Island, reflecting America's early commitment to religious tolerance; [10] and the Golden Temple in Amritsar, India, a symbol of religious ...