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Exposure to stress during the process of pregnancy affects fetal brain development and predisposes offspring to the development of a multitude of mental disorders. [17] Many studies have found that there is an association between ADHD and lessened functioning within the prefrontal cortex (PFC).
Short-term memory is the memory system responsible for holding information in an easily accessible state for a short period of time. One particular study examined the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure, among other factors, on cognitive ability in children. [ 31 ]
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) are symptoms that are archetypically associated with the extrapyramidal system of the brain's cerebral cortex. When such symptoms are caused by medications or other drugs, they are also known as extrapyramidal side effects (EPSE). The symptoms can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, [1] is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals.It is the largest site of neural integration in the central nervous system, [2] and plays a key role in attention, perception, awareness, thought, memory, language, and consciousness.
The association cortex is a part of the cerebral cortex that performs complex cognitive functions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Unlike primary sensory or motor areas , which process specific sensory inputs or motor outputs, the association cortex integrates information from various sources to support higher-order cognitive processes.
Such brain parts as the cerebellum, striatum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala are thought to play an important role in memory. For example, the hippocampus is believed to be involved in spatial and declarative memory, as well as consolidating short-term into long-term memory.
Radial glial cells, whose fibers serve as a scaffolding for migrating cells and a means of radial communication mediated by calcium dynamic activity, [22] [23] act as the main excitatory neuronal stem cell of the cerebral cortex [24] [25] or translocate to the cortical plate and differentiate either into astrocytes or neurons. [26]
Microcephaly generally is due to the diminished size of the largest part of the human brain, the cerebral cortex, and the condition can arise during embryonic and fetal development due to insufficient neural stem cell proliferation, impaired or premature neurogenesis, the death of neural stem cells or neurons, or a combination of these factors ...