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Croup (/ k r uː p / KROOP), also known as croupy cough, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. [2] The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. [2]
In children under five years and adults over 40 years, the fatality rate may be as much as 20%. [28] In 2013, it resulted in 3,300 deaths, down from 8,000 deaths in 1990. [ 7 ] Better standards of living, mass immunization, improved diagnosis, prompt treatment, and more effective health care have led to a decrease in cases worldwide.
Croup; Cystic fibrosis; Cytomegalovirus (the virus most frequently transmitted before birth) Dental caries; Type 1 diabetes; Diphtheria; Duchenne muscular dystrophy; Fifth disease; Congenital Heart Disease; Infectious mononucleosis; Influenza; Intussusception (medical disorder) Juvenile idiopathic arthritis; Leukemia; Measles; Meningitis ...
[1] [2] The presence of the steeple sign supports a diagnosis of croup, usually caused by paramyxoviruses. [3] It can also be defined as the replacement of the usual squared-shoulder appearance of the subglottic area by cone-shaped narrowing just distal to the vocal cords. This is called the steeple or pencil-point sign.
Approximately 15–50% of children will go on to develop more serious lower respiratory tracts infections, such as bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia, or croup. [ 19 ] [ 21 ] Infants are at the highest risk of disease progression.
The viruses have a tendency towards different complications: influenza is more likely to cause severe pneumonia in high-risk groups; parainfluenza is more likely to cause croup in children. Influenza has effective vaccines available and can be treated with antiviral medications like neuraminidase inhibitors.
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Most people survive measles, though in some cases, complications may occur. About 1 in 4 individuals will be hospitalized and 1–2 in 1,000 will die. Complications are more likely in children under age 5 and adults over age 20. [88] Pneumonia is the most common fatal complication of measles infection and accounts for 56–86% of measles ...