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The female fly cements individual eggs onto hairs of the forelimbs and shoulders of horses, mules and donkeys. [7] [5] Each female lays up to 1000 eggs. [7] In order to hatch, the eggs must be licked by the host animal. [5] If taken into the host's mouth during grooming, the egg will hatch in the mouth. [5]
The digestive system of the horse evolved for its grazing lifestyle, where it would almost constantly eat small amounts of roughage throughout the day. Unlike carnivores, who produce stomach acid during meals, horses constantly secrete acid [1] to help digest this source of grass, leading up to 9 gallons produced per day. [2]
After the eggs have hatched in the feces, the larvae are ingested by the maggots of various flies that lay their eggs in the feces (such as Stomoxys (the stable fly) or Musca (the house fly). The nematode larvae develop within the maggot for about one week (depending upon ambient temperature), as the maggots mature into the imago (adult) fly .
Killing the animal for food was a secondary consideration, and wherever possible its products such as wool, eggs, milk and blood (by the Maasai) were harvested while the animal was still alive. [22] In the traditional system of transhumance , people and livestock moved seasonally between fixed summer and winter pastures; in montane regions the ...
A thorough history is always taken, including signalment (age, sex, breed), recent activity, diet and recent dietary changes, anthelmintic history, if the horse is a cribber, fecal quality and when it was last passed, and any history of colic. The most important factor is time elapsed since onset of clinical signs, as this has a profound impact ...
The terms acid egg and montejus (or monte-jus) are sometimes used interchangeably to refer to a device with no moving parts formerly used instead of a pump in order to transfer difficult liquids. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The principle is that a strong vessel containing the liquid is pressurized with gas or steam, forcing the liquid into a pipe (usually ...
However, it has low bioavailability in horses, [25] and does not appear to affect insulin sensitivity at doses that are commonly used. [26] Its current mechanism of action in horses is thought to be a reduction in intestinal glucose absorption, and therefore postprandial glucose levels, when it is given before meals.
Equine influenza is characterized by a very high rate of transmission among horses, and has a relatively short incubation time of one to three days. [6] Clinical signs of equine influenza include fever (up to 106 °F [41 °C]), nasal discharge, have a dry, hacking cough, depression, loss of appetite and weakness. [6]