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A lead-acid battery was used to provide proper voltage when the generator could not, and was recharged at higher engine speed or lower electrical load. The automobile self starter was an early engine system to use this. Lighting, which had previously been provided by kerosene lamps or gas lamps, was one of the first common electrical accessories.
A compact fluorescent lamp is one example of an electrical load with a non-linear characteristic, due to the rectifier circuit it uses. The current waveform, blue, is highly distorted. Current harmonics are caused by non-linear loads. When a non-linear load, such as a rectifier is connected to the system, it draws a current that is not sinusoidal.
After extensive preparatory work, resulting in the "List of Loads in the Automobile of the Year 2005", various automotive electrical system architectures were compared using the tool "MAESTrO" (12 V, 12 V/24 V DC, 12 V/48 V DC and 12 V/60 V AC) in the September 1995 workshop at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT/LEES). The finding ...
A 48 V system can provide more power, improve energy recuperation, [7] and allow up to an 85% decrease in cable mass. [10]12-volt systems can provide only 3.5 kilowatts, while a 48 V power could achieve 15 to 20 kW or even 50 kW. 48 volts is below the level that is considered safe in dry conditions without special protective measures. [11]
ISO 16750, Road vehicles – Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment, is a series of ISO standards which provide guidance regarding environmental conditions commonly encountered by electrical and electronic systems installed in automobiles and specify requirements and tests.
Disk electromagnetic brakes are used on vehicles such as trains, and power tools such as circular saws, to stop the blade quickly when the power is turned off.A disk eddy current brake consists of a conductive non-ferromagnetic metal disc attached to the axle of the vehicle's wheel, with an electromagnet located with its poles on each side of the disk, so the magnetic field passes through the ...
MOSFETs are used in vehicles [19] such as automobiles, [20] cars, [21] trucks, [20] electric vehicles, [3] and smart cars. [22] MOSFETs are used for the electronic control unit (ECU), [23] while the power MOSFET and IGBT are used as the load drivers for automotive loads such as motors, solenoids, ignition coils, relays, heaters and lamps. [19]
Harmonics are caused by non-linear loads, which include power supplies for computer equipment, variable speed drives, and discharge lighting. "Triplen" harmonics (odd multiples of the third harmonic) result when phase voltages are not balanced in a three phase power systems and add in the neutral, causing wasteful currents to flow. [5]