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He led a boycott by the ARU against handling trains with Pullman cars in what became the nationwide Pullman Strike, affecting most lines west of Detroit and more than 250,000 workers in 27 states. Purportedly to keep the mail running, President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike.
Detroit labor activist Martin Glaberman estimated at the time that the Hamtramck plant was 70 per cent black while the union local (UAW Local 3), the plant management and lower supervision, and the Hamtramck city administration was dominated by older Polish-American workers.
Both the Congress of Industrial Organizations and the American Federation of Labor had each chartered a labor union for auto workers, both named the UAW. The UAW-CIO met in Cleveland, representing 370,000 members, and elected R. J. Thomas, who was a former Chrysler worker and the former Vice President of the UAW-AFL union.
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was founded in 1905 as an anti-capitalist labor union. [1] [2] Compared to the American Federation of Labor, the IWW was more radical and militant in its actions, and during the early 1900s was involved in several large labor strikes, such as the 1912 Lawrence textile strike and the 1913 Paterson silk strike. [1]
The Johnson-Forest Tendency had studied working class life and struggles within the Detroit auto industry, publishing pamphlets such as "The American Worker" (1947), "Punching Out" (1952) and "Union Committeemen and Wildcat Strikes" (1955).
Since the founding of the AFL in 1886, the AFL-CIO and its predecessor bodies have been the dominant labor federation (at least in terms of the number of member workers, if not influence) in the United States. As of 2014, the labor federation had approximately 12.7 million members. [1] [2] As of 2015, the AFL–CIO had 56 member unions. [3] [4]
Frank Fitzsimmons was born on April 7, 1908, in Jeannette, Pennsylvania, to Irish-American parents, Frank and Ida May Fitzsimmons. [1] His father was a brewer who moved the family to Detroit, Michigan, in 1924 when Frank was 16. [2]
Dennis Elihu Batt was born May 2, 1886, in Tekonsha, Michigan, the son of a street car conductor. [1]Batt attended high school in Detroit for two years before enlisting in the U.S. Cavalry, in which he served from 1907 to 1910. [1]