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  2. Vesting Clauses - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesting_clauses

    President Andrew Jackson interpreted these clauses as expressly creating a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government. [1] In contrast, Victoria F. Nourse has argued that the Vesting Clauses do not create the separation of powers, and it actually arises from the representation and appointment clauses elsewhere in ...

  3. List of clauses of the United States Constitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clauses_of_the...

    The United States Constitution and its amendments comprise hundreds of clauses which outline the functioning of the United States Federal Government, the political relationship between the states and the national government, and affect how the United States federal court system interprets the law. When a particular clause becomes an important ...

  4. Enumerated powers (United States) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United...

    Interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause has been controversial, especially during the early years of the country. Strict constructionists interpret the clause to mean that Congress may make a law only if the inability to do so would cripple its ability to apply one of its enumerated powers.

  5. Necessary and Proper Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause

    The Necessary and Proper Clause, also known as the Elastic Clause, [1] is a clause in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution: The Congress shall have Power... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government ...

  6. List of landmark court decisions in the United States

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landmark_court...

    This decision provides for the uniform interpretation of federal law throughout the states. McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819) The Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, and state actions may not impede valid exercises of power by the federal ...

  7. Equal Protection Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause

    The Equal Protection Clause is part of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides "nor shall any State ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." It mandates that individuals in similar situations be treated equally by ...

  8. Insular Cases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Cases

    Various authorities have listed what they consider are the legitimate constituents of the Insular Cases. Juan R. Torruella, a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (the federal appeals court with jurisdiction over the Federal Court for the District of Puerto Rico), considers that the landmark decisions consist of six fundamental cases only, all decided in 1901: "strictly ...

  9. Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the...

    Precythe (2019) that the Due Process Clause expressly allows the death penalty in the United States because "the Fifth Amendment, added to the Constitution at the same time as the Eighth, expressly contemplates that a defendant may be tried for a 'capital' crime and 'deprived of life' as a penalty, so long as proper procedures are followed". [40]