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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
The most common cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. COPD is a gradually progressive condition and usually only develops after about 20 pack-years of smoking. COPD may also be caused by breathing in other particles and gases. [citation needed] The diagnosis of COPD is established through spirometry although other pulmonary function tests can be ...
While smoking is a risk factor for both lung diseases, it’s also thought that the chronic inflammation from COPD can cause further damage to the lungs that increases the risk for lung cancer.
Smoking is found to be the most important causative factor leading to COPD. [23] Because of the altered inflammatory response of the macrophages, smoking induces inflammation across the entire airway, which in turns obstructs the airflow. Symptoms of COPD include persistent coughing, wheezing, chest infections and breathlessness.
Closely trailing cancer as the most deadly smoking-related cause of death is ischemic heart disease, which was responsible for 126,000, or 28%, of all deaths. ... better known as COPD, which was ...
Cigarette smoking. Chronic lung conditions, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ... Pneumonia can be caused by a buildup of bacteria, viruses, or fungi in the lungs. There are ...
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