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The word dystocia means 'difficult labour'. [1] Its antonym is eutocia (Ancient Greek: εὖ, romanized: eu, lit. 'good' + Ancient Greek: τόκος, romanized: tókos, lit. 'childbirth') 'easy labour'. Other terms for obstructed labour include difficult labour, abnormal labour, difficult childbirth, abnormal childbirth, and dysfunctional labour.
Prolonged labor is the inability of a woman to proceed with childbirth upon going into labor. [1] Prolonged labor typically lasts over 20 hours for first time mothers, and over 14 hours for women that have already had children. [1] Failure to progress can take place during two different phases; the latent phase and active phase of labor. [1]
Difficult labor, also known as dystocia or obstructed labor, occurs when the child cannot easily pass through the birth canal.This can result in fetal distress or physical trauma to the child, especially broken clavicles and damage to the brachial plexus nerves.
Obstetric fistulae were very common throughout the world, but since the late 19th century, the rise of gynecology developed safe practices for childbirth, including giving birth at local hospitals rather than at home, which dramatically reduced rates of obstructed labor and obstetric fistulae in Europe and North America.
In 2016, complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium resulted globally in 230,600 deaths, down from 377,000 deaths in 1990. The most common causes of maternal mortality are maternal bleeding , postpartum infections including sepsis, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy , obstructed labor , and unsafe abortion .
[8] [16] Complications can occur before, during, and after birth that affect both parent and baby. Asynclitism can lead to slower and more difficult labor, increasing stress and fatigue. If the fetus's head is not optimally positioned, this can result in dystocia, necessitating an operative delivery.
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The term, obstetrical dilemma, was coined in 1960, by Sherwood Larned Washburn, a prominent early American physical anthropologist, in order to describe the evolutionary development of the human pelvis and its relation to childbirth and pregnancy in hominids and non-human primates. [6]