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However, PKM2 contains an inducible nuclear localization signal in its C-terminal domain. The role of PKM2 within the nucleus is complex, since pro-proliferative but also pro-apoptotic stimuli have been described. On the one hand, nuclear PKM2 was found to participate in the phosphorylation of histone 1 by direct phosphate transfer from PEP to ...
Phosphorylation of PKM2 by Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (ERK2) causes conformational changes that allow PKM2 to enter the nucleus and regulate glycolytic gene expression required for tumor development. [39] Some studies state that there is a shift in expression from PKM1 to PKM2 during carcinogenesis.
PKM2 is an isozyme of pyruvate kinase that is responsible for the Warburg effect in cancer cells. [12] A-Raf upregulates the activity of PKM2 by promoting a conformational change in PKM2. This causes PKM2 to transition from its low-activity dimeric form to a highly active tetrameric form.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 is a nuclear enzyme that is found universally in all eukaryotes and is encoded by the PARP-1 gene.It belongs to the PARP family, which is a group of catalysts that transfer ADP-ribose units from NAD (nicotinamide dinucleotide) to protein targets, thus creating branched or linear polymers. [4]
M2-PK, as measured in feces, is a potential tumor marker for colorectal cancer.When measured in feces with a cutoff value of 4 U/ml, its sensitivity has been estimated to be 85% (with a 95% confidence interval of 65 to 96%) for colon cancer and 56% (confidence interval 41–74%) for rectal cancer. [1]
The PFKFB3 promoter is predicted to contain multiple binding sites, including Sp-1 and AP-2 binding sites. It also contains motifs for the binding of E-box, nuclear factor-1 (NF-1), and progesterone response element. Expression of the promoter is shown to be induce by phorbol esters and cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase signaling. [10]
Sanjeev Das was born on 27 August 1976 to Wg Cdr P K Das (retd) and Gopa Das at Ajmer (Nasirabad Cantt), Rajasthan, India. [3] He earned his master's degree (MSc) from the University College of Science & Technology, University of Calcutta and continued his studies at the Indian Institute of Science from where he secured a PhD. [4]
Tumor stroma and extracellular matrix in hypoxia. Tumor hypoxia is the situation where tumor cells have been deprived of oxygen.As a tumor grows, it rapidly outgrows its blood supply, leaving portions of the tumor with regions where the oxygen concentration is significantly lower than in healthy tissues.