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Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth and precipitation of atmospheric clouds. These aerosols are found in the troposphere , stratosphere , and mesosphere , which collectively make up the greatest part of the homosphere .
In an aqueous solution, precipitation is the "sedimentation of a solid material (a precipitate) from a liquid solution". [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The solid formed is called the precipitate . [ 3 ] In case of an inorganic chemical reaction leading to precipitation, the chemical reagent causing the solid to form is called the precipitant .
An example of this crystallization process is the production of Glauber's salt, a crystalline form of sodium sulfate. In the diagram, where equilibrium temperature is on the x-axis and equilibrium concentration (as mass percent of solute in saturated solution) in y-axis , it is clear that sulfate solubility quickly decreases below 32.5 °C.
If the substance lacks the ability to dissolve in water, the molecules form a precipitate. [3] When writing the equations of precipitation reactions, it is essential to determine the precipitate. To determine the precipitate, one must consult a chart of solubility. Soluble compounds are aqueous, while insoluble compounds are the precipitate.
The term precipitation is normally reserved for describing a phase change from a colloid dispersion to a solid (precipitate) when it is subjected to a perturbation. [19] Aggregation causes sedimentation or creaming, therefore the colloid is unstable: if either of these processes occur the colloid will no longer be a suspension.
Hail is a form of solid precipitation. [1] It is distinct from ice pellets (American English "sleet"), though the two are often confused. [2] It consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice, each of which is called a hailstone. [3] Ice pellets generally fall in cold weather, while hail growth is greatly inhibited during low surface temperatures.
Another example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction of lead(II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead(II) iodide and potassium nitrate: + + Forward and backward reactions According to Le Chatelier's Principle , reactions may proceed in the forward or reverse direction until they end or reach equilibrium .
A cobble encrusted with halite evaporated from the Dead Sea, Israel (with Israeli ₪1 coin [diameter 18mm] for scale). An evaporite (/ ɪ ˈ v æ p ə ˌ r aɪ t /) is a water-soluble sedimentary mineral deposit that results from concentration and crystallization by evaporation from an aqueous solution. [1]