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In the C++ programming language, input/output library refers to a family of class templates and supporting functions in the C++ Standard Library that implement stream-based input/output capabilities. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is an object-oriented alternative to C's FILE -based streams from the C standard library .
A sample UML class and sequence diagram for the Iterator design pattern. [ 4 ] In the above UML class diagram , the Client class refers (1) to the Aggregate interface for creating an Iterator object ( createIterator() ) and (2) to the Iterator interface for traversing an Aggregate object ( next(),hasNext() ).
It should be possible to define a new operation for (some) classes of an object structure without changing the classes. When new operations are needed frequently and the object structure consists of many unrelated classes, it's inflexible to add new subclasses each time a new operation is required because "[..] distributing all these operations across the various node classes leads to a system ...
The class defines the data format or type (including member variables and their types) and available procedures (class methods or member functions) for a given type or class of object. Objects are created by calling a special type of method in the class known as a constructor .
In languages supporting multiple inheritance, such as C++, interfaces are implemented as abstract classes. In languages without explicit support, protocols are often still present as conventions. This is known as duck typing. For example, in Python, any class can implement an __iter__ method and be used as a collection. [3]
Shows a conditional operation that determines which one of the two paths the program will take. [16] The operation is commonly a yes/no question or true/false test. Represented as a diamond . [17] Input/Output [17] Indicates the process of inputting and outputting data, [17] as in entering data or displaying results. Represented as a rhomboid. [16]
A class diagram exemplifying the singleton pattern.. In object-oriented programming, the singleton pattern is software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to a singular instance.
Class diagrams can also be used for data modeling. [2] The classes in a class diagram represent both the main elements, interactions in the application, and the classes to be programmed. In the diagram, classes are represented with boxes that contain three compartments: The top compartment contains the name of the class.