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A radical class (also called radical property or just radical) is a class σ of rings possibly without multiplicative identities, such that: the homomorphic image of a ring in σ is also in σ every ring R contains an ideal S ( R ) in σ that contains every other ideal of R that is in σ
For a general ring with unity R, the Jacobson radical J(R) is defined as the ideal of all elements r ∈ R such that rM = 0 whenever M is a simple R-module.That is, = {=}. This is equivalent to the definition in the commutative case for a commutative ring R because the simple modules over a commutative ring are of the form R / for some maximal ideal of R, and the annihilators of R / in R are ...
A radical ideal (or semiprime ideal) is an ideal that is equal to its radical. The radical of a primary ideal is a prime ideal . This concept is generalized to non-commutative rings in the semiprime ring article.
The factor ring of a radical ideal is a semiprime ring for general rings, and is a reduced ring for commutative rings. Primary ideal : An ideal I is called a primary ideal if for all a and b in R , if ab is in I , then at least one of a and b n is in I for some natural number n .
The concept of the Jacobson radical of a ring; that is, the intersection of all right (left) annihilators of simple right (left) modules over a ring, is one example. The fact that the Jacobson radical can be viewed as the intersection of all maximal right (left) ideals in the ring, shows how the internal structure of the ring is reflected by ...
If R has a unique maximal right ideal, then R is known as a local ring, and the maximal right ideal is also the unique maximal left and unique maximal two-sided ideal of the ring, and is in fact the Jacobson radical J(R). It is possible for a ring to have a unique maximal two-sided ideal and yet lack unique maximal one-sided ideals: for example ...
Each is trying to paint the other as extreme, with Trump blasting Harris as a “radical left lunatic,” and Harris charged Sunday that Trump “wants to take the country backward.”
A ring R is left self-injective if the module R R is an injective module. While rings with unity are always projective as modules, they are not always injective as modules. semiperfect A semiperfect ring is a ring R such that, for the Jacobson radical J(R) of R, (1) R/J(R) is semisimple and (2) idempotents lift modulo J(R). semiprimary