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millivolt 10 3 V kV kilovolt 10 −6 V μV microvolt 10 6 V MV megavolt 10 −9 V nV nanovolt 10 9 V GV gigavolt 10 −12 V pV picovolt 10 12 V TV teravolt 10 −15 V fV femtovolt 10 15 V PV petavolt 10 −18 V aV attovolt 10 18 V EV exavolt 10 −21 V zV zeptovolt 10 21 V ZV zettavolt 10 −24 V yV yoctovolt 10 24 V YV yottavolt 10 −27 V rV
Dickson multipliers have increasingly poor power conversion efficiency as the input voltage drops because the voltage drop across the diode-wired transistors becomes much more significant compared to the output voltage. Since the transistors in the cross-coupled circuit are not diode-wired the volt-drop problem is not so serious. [14]
Historically the "conventional" volt, V 90, defined in 1987 by the 18th General Conference on Weights and Measures [3] and in use from 1990 to 2019, was implemented using the Josephson effect for exact frequency-to-voltage conversion, combined with the caesium frequency standard. Though the Josephson effect is still used to realize a volt, the ...
Some meters measure currents as low as milliamps or even microamps. All meters have a burden voltage (caused by the combination of the shunt used and the meter's circuit design), and some (even expensive ones) have sufficiently high burden voltages that low current readings are seriously impaired. Meter specifications should include the burden ...
High-powered transmissions, such as those used in broadcasting, are expressed in dB-millivolts per metre (dBmV/m). For very low-power systems, such as mobile phones, signal strength is usually expressed in dB-microvolts per metre (dBμV/m) or in decibels above a reference level of one milliwatt .
It is simple to measure very high currents (hundreds of amperes) with the appropriate current transformer. Accurate measurement of low currents (a few milliamperes) with a current transformer clamp is more difficult. The range of any given meter can be extended by passing the conductor through the jaw multiple times.
Line level is the specified strength of an audio signal used to transmit analog sound between audio components such as CD and DVD players, television sets, audio amplifiers, and mixing consoles.
The sensitivity of a microphone is usually expressed as the sound field strength in decibels (dB) relative to 1 V/Pa (Pa = N/m 2) or as the transfer factor in millivolts per pascal (mV/Pa) into an open circuit or into a 1 kiloohm load. [citation needed] The sensitivity of a loudspeaker is usually expressed as dB / 2.83 V RMS at 1 metre.