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The midpoints of the sides of an arbitrary quadrilateral form a parallelogram. If the quadrilateral is convex or concave (not complex), then the area of the parallelogram is half the area of the quadrilateral. If one introduces the concept of oriented areas for n-gons, then this area equality also holds for complex quadrilaterals. [2]
In any quadrilateral, the four edge midpoints form a parallelogram, the Varignon parallelogram, whose sides are parallel to the diagonals and half their length. It follows that, in an equidiagonal and orthodiagonal quadrilateral, the sides of the Varignon parallelogram are equal-length and perpendicular; that is, it is a square.
Euler's quadrilateral theorem or Euler's law on quadrilaterals, named after Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), describes a relation between the sides of a convex quadrilateral and its diagonals. It is a generalisation of the parallelogram law which in turn can be seen as generalisation of the Pythagorean theorem .
In geometry, the midpoint polygon of a polygon P is the polygon whose vertices are the midpoints of the edges of P. [1] [2] It is sometimes called the Kasner polygon after Edward Kasner, who termed it the inscribed polygon "for brevity". [3] [4] The medial triangle The Varignon parallelogram
The two complete quadrilaterals have a shared diagonal, EF. N lies on the Newton–Gauss line of both quadrilaterals. N is equidistant from G and H, since it is the circumcenter of the cyclic quadrilateral EGFH. If triangles GMP, HMQ are congruent, and it will follow that M lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line HG.
For the general quadrilateral (with four sides not necessarily equal) Euler's quadrilateral theorem states + + + = + +, where is the length of the line segment joining the midpoints of the diagonals. It can be seen from the diagram that x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} for a parallelogram, and so the general formula simplifies to the parallelogram law.