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Early childhood development is the period of rapid physical, psychological and social growth and change that begins before birth and extends into early childhood. [1] While early childhood is not well defined, one source asserts that the early years begin in utero and last until 3 years of age.
Physical development. Typically grows between 0.5 and 0.75 inches (1.3 and 1.9 cm) and gains between 1 and 1.25 pounds (450 and 570 g) Motor development. Able to push up to a crawling position and may be able to rock on knees. [31] Able to sit with support. [31] Able to stand with help and bounce while standing. [31]
It is—particularly from birth to five years— a foundation for a prosperous and sustainable society. [1] Childhood is divided into three stages of life which include early childhood, middle childhood, and late childhood (preadolescence). [2] Early childhood typically ranges from infancy to the age of 6 years old.
In psychology, the term early childhood is usually defined as the time period from birth until the age of five or six years, [1] therefore covering infancy, Pre-K, kindergarten and first grade. There are three simultaneous development stages: [ 2 ] It is distinct from early childhood education , and does not necessarily refer to the same ...
The Journal of Early Childhood Research is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research on child health, early education, pediatrics, psychology, social work, sociology, and teaching in early childhood. The editor-in-chief is Cathy Nutbrown (University of Sheffield).
(see Behavioral Development and Depression below). [32] [33] Research continues to look at the effects of learning-based attachment on moral development. Some studies have shown that erratic use of contingencies by parents early in life can produce devastating long-term effects for the child. [34] [35]
Development is constrained by genetic, environmental, and cultural factors. Infants and children show a high degree of developmental plasticity and adaptive sensitivity to context. An extended childhood is needed in which to learn the complexities of human social communities.
The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (also known as the Dunedin Study) is a detailed study of human health, development and behaviour.Based at the University of Otago in New Zealand, the Dunedin Study has followed the lives of 1037 babies born between 1 April 1972 and 31 March 1973 at Dunedin's former Queen Mary Maternity Centre since their birth.