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Board Established City Website Refs Catholic Board of Education, Pakistan: 1961 Karachi [47] Lahore [48] [49] Diocesan board of education, Pakistan 1960 Islamabad, Rawalpindi [50] [51] Presbyterian Education Board Pakistan Lahore, Punjab
The Education and Literacy Department is a key division of the Government of Sindh, Pakistan, responsible for overseeing the provincial's education system.Its primary role is to manage educational affairs within Sindh and coordinate with the Federal Government and donor agencies to promote education.
The Board of Secondary Education, Karachi is a government board in Karachi for secondary education examination. It was established in 1950 by the promulgation of the Central Legislative Act No. XVI of 1950. [1] BSEK controls and organizes the secondary education examinations in Karachi.
Initially, one line (representing a single bond) is drawn between each pair of connected atoms. Each bond consists of a pair of electrons, so if t is the total number of electrons to be placed and n is the number of single bonds just drawn, t−2n electrons remain to be placed. These are temporarily drawn as dots, one per electron, to a maximum ...
Covalent and ionic bonding form a continuum, with ionic character increasing with increasing difference in the electronegativity of the participating atoms. Covalent bonding corresponds to sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms of essentially equal electronegativity (for example, C–C and C–H bonds in aliphatic hydrocarbons).
The bonding in carbon dioxide (CO 2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the octet rule.. The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
The bond energy for H 2 O is the average energy required to break each of the two O–H bonds in sequence: Although the two bonds are the equivalent in the original symmetric molecule, the bond-dissociation energy of an oxygen–hydrogen bond varies slightly depending on whether or not there is another hydrogen atom bonded to the oxygen atom.
On the molecular level, the interlocked molecules cannot be separated without the breaking of the covalent bonds that comprise the conjoined molecules; this is referred to as a mechanical bond. Examples of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures include catenanes , rotaxanes , molecular knots , and molecular Borromean rings .